---
title: "Gas Fee Volatility Statistics 2026: Daily Swings and Fee Spikes"
date: 2025-11-18
author: "Barry Elad"
featured_image: "https://coinlaw.io/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/gas-fee-volatility-statistics-daily-swings-fee-spikes.jpg"
categories:
  - name: "Cryptocurrency"
    url: "/crypto.md"
tags:
  - name: "Statistics"
    url: "/tag/statistics.md"
---

# Gas Fee Volatility Statistics 2026: Daily Swings and Fee Spikes

Ethereum’s average gas price fell **36.12%** from the previous day to **0.7302 gwei** on September 26, 2026, according to the Etherscan series YCharts publishes. Two days earlier, on September 24, 2026, the daily average stood at **2.348 gwei**. Yet the average Ethereum transaction fee in dollars rose **0.15%** to **$0.2691** on the September 26 reading, a gap that runs through the gas fee volatility statistics below.

On Ethereum, the base fee can increase or decrease by a maximum of **12.5%** per block, and Bitcoin block **840,000** carried **37.626 BTC** in total fees on April 20, 2024. The figures below cover daily fee swings on both networks, the spike limits written into Ethereum’s fee rules, the blob fee market, and what economists have measured about how users respond when fees jump.

## Key Takeaways

- Ethereum’s daily average gas price was **0.3191 gwei** on August 15 and **2.348 gwei** on September 24, 2026, a **7.4x** difference between those two readings.
- The average dollar fee per Ethereum transaction was **$0.2397** on September 16 and **$0.2775** on September 22, 2026, a far narrower band than the gwei series.
- According to ethereum.org, gwei readings can swing widely inside a normal month while the dollar cost barely moves, because rollups carry about **95%** of Ethereum’s transactions.
- In ethereum.org’s worked example, the base fee climbs from **100 gwei** to **202.7 gwei** by block 8 when each block uses the full gas limit.
- A **10%** fee increase reduced total gas demand on [Ethereum](https://coinlaw.io/ethereum-statistics/) mainnet by approximately **0.06%** in 2025, per a 2026 study of Ethereum and Arbitrum One.
- Bitcoin’s average transaction fee fell **49.49%** in one day to **$0.2915** on September 26, 2026.
- Block 840,000 paid **3,762,561,499 sats** in fees against **104,455,386 sats** in block 839,999, a **36x** jump in one block.

## Editor’s Choice

- **Latest Ethereum daily average gas price:** **0.7302 gwei** on September 26, 2026.
- **Ethereum 7-day gas market:** a minimum of **0.0**, a maximum of **24.9**, and an average of **0.5 gwei** on ultrasound.money.
- **Year-over-year change in Ethereum gas price:** **-48.43%** from **1.416 gwei** one year earlier.
- **Bitcoin average fee one year earlier:** **$1.104**, against **$0.2915** on September 26, 2026.
- **Fees in the halving block:** **37.626 BTC**, worth **$2,402,283**, in block 840,000.
- **The floor the blob fee could fall to without a blob reserve price:** **1 wei** when execution costs dominate blob demand.

## Ethereum Gas Fee Volatility Statistics

- Ethereum’s daily average gas price was **1.347 gwei** on September 23 before reaching **2.348 gwei** on September 24, 2026, a **74%** one-day rise.
- The series moved from **0.9466 gwei** on August 23 to **1.902 gwei** on August 24, 2026, roughly **2x** overnight.
- ultrasound.money’s 7-day gas market shows a maximum of **24.9** against an average of **0.5 gwei**, so the top of the week sat **49.8x** above its mean.
- Quieter days still varied, from **0.4391 gwei** on August 16 to **0.4214 gwei** on August 17, 2026.

| Reading | Value (gwei) |
|---|---|
| Daily average, September 26, 2026 | 0.7302 |
| Daily average, September 25, 2026 | 1.143 |
| Daily average one year earlier | 1.416 |
| Daily average, September 24, 2026 | 2.348 |
| Daily average, August 15, 2026 | 0.3191 |
| ultrasound.money 7-day gas market, average | 0.5 |
| ultrasound.money 7-day gas market, maximum | 24.9 |

*Source: Etherscan via YCharts 2026, ultrasound.money September 2026*

## About This Data

The figures come from 27 sources: 10 primary sources, 13 industry and research sources, and 4 secondary sources. They span protocol specifications first published in 2019 through daily series as of September 27, 2026. Only primary specifications, block explorers, public dashboards, and peer-reviewed or preprint research qualified; the four secondary YCharts series trace to Etherscan and Blockchain.com. Figures are reviewed on a rolling basis and updated when sources publish new data.

## Ethereum Daily Gas Price, August to September 2026

- Ethereum’s daily average gas price was **0.4303 gwei** on August 18 and **1.435 gwei** on August 19, 2026, a **233%** one-day increase.
- On August 21, 2026, the daily average reached **1.632 gwei**, then eased to **1.015 gwei** on August 22.
- The average hit **1.133 gwei** on September 15 and fell to **0.7804 gwei** on September 16, 2026.
- Readings were **0.8373 gwei** on September 14 and **0.8043 gwei** on September 17, 2026.
- The daily average was **0.5499 gwei** on August 10 and **0.3305 gwei** on August 9, 2026.

 AVERAGE GAS PRICE (GWEI) · Source: Etherscan via YCharts, September 2026    AVERAGE GAS PRICE (GWEI) · COINLAW ANALYSIS Average gas price (gwei) by date     Etherscan · 2026           2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0    September 19, 2026: September 19, 2026 September 20, 2026: September 20, 2026 September 21, 2026: September 21, 2026 September 22, 2026: September 22, 2026 September 23, 2026: September 23, 2026 September 24, 2026: September 24, 2026 September 25, 2026: September 25, 2026 September 26, 2026: September 26, 2026   Sep 19, 2026 Sep 20, 2026 Sep 21, 2026 Sep 22, 2026 Sep 23, 2026 Sep 24, 2026 Sep 25, 2026 Sep 26, 2026    SOURCE Etherscan via YCharts, September 2026      

## Recent Developments

- **August 11, 2026:** Version 3 of a gas-demand study covering Ethereum mainnet and Arbitrum One estimated a pooled Ethereum elasticity of **-0.006** for full-year 2025.
- **August 24, 2026:** The Ethereum Foundation said the Glamsterdam repricing schedule is derived from a performance target that supports roughly a **3x** increase in base throughput.
- **September 9, 2026:** The Ethereum Foundation said the Glamsterdam hard fork is in public testing, while the scope of Hegotá is being narrowed down.
- **September 24, 2026:** Ethereum’s daily average gas price reached **2.348 gwei**, up from **1.347 gwei** on September 23.
- **September 26, 2026:** Bitcoin’s average transaction fee dropped to **$0.2915**, down **49.49%** from **$0.5771** a day earlier.
- **October 6, 2026:** Glamsterdam’s next milestone is the Sepolia fork, with mainnet expected in **Q4 2026**.

## Gas Price in Gwei vs Transaction Fee in Dollars

- A year earlier, the average Ethereum transaction fee was **$0.3863**, so the September 26, 2026 level sat **30.34%** lower.
- The average fee was **$0.2397** on September 16, **$0.2416** on September 17, and **$0.2446** on September 18, 2026.
- According to ethereum.org, L1 typically runs well below its block target, and mainnet fees are now low enough that many apps can sensibly run on mainnet.
- Average Ethereum transaction fees reached around **$3** during the 2017 to early 2018 crypto boom, according to YCharts’ series notes.

 ETHEREUM AVERAGE TRANSACTION FEE ($) · Source: Etherscan via YCharts, September 2026    ETHEREUM AVERAGE TRANSACTION FEE ($) · COINLAW ANALYSIS Ethereum average transaction fee ($) by date    Etherscan · 2026           0.3 0.24 0.18 0.12 0.06 0    September 19, 2026: September 19, 2026 September 20, 2026: September 20, 2026 September 21, 2026: September 21, 2026 September 22, 2026: September 22, 2026 September 23, 2026: September 23, 2026 September 24, 2026: September 24, 2026 September 25, 2026: September 25, 2026 September 26, 2026: September 26, 2026   Sep 19, 2026 Sep 20, 2026 Sep 21, 2026 Sep 22, 2026 Sep 23, 2026 Sep 24, 2026 Sep 25, 2026 Sep 26, 2026    SOURCE Etherscan via YCharts, September 2026      

> **Why it matters:** Ethereum’s daily gas price rose about **237%** between September 20 and September 24, 2026, yet the average dollar fee rose about **2%** across the same days, based on Etherscan data. A gwei chart overstates how much a typical user’s bill moves.

## How Fast Ethereum’s Base Fee Can Rise

- According to the ethereum.org [gas and fees documentation](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/gas/), the base fee is determined by the blocks before it, which makes transaction fees more predictable for users.
- The target block size is half of the gas limit, and the base fee is burned when the block is created.
- Ten consecutive full blocks at the per-block ceiling would lift the base fee about **3.25x**.
- Ten consecutive empty blocks would cut it to about **26%** of its starting level.
- The EIP-1559 authors described the mechanism as a fixed-per-block network fee that is burned and dynamically expands and contracts block sizes to deal with transient congestion.

 BASE FEE (GWEI) · Source: ethereum.org Gas and fees documentation, 2026    BASE FEE (GWEI) · COINLAW ANALYSIS Base fee (gwei) by block     ethereum.org · 2026           250 200 150 100 50 0    Block 1: Block 1 Block 2: Block 2 Block 3: Block 3 Block 4: Block 4 Block 5: Block 5 Block 6: Block 6 Block 7: Block 7 Block 8: Block 8   Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Block 6 Block 7 Block 8    SOURCE ethereum.org Gas and fees documentation, 2026      

## EIP-1559 Fee Market Parameters

- The change denominator caps each per-block base fee move at **12.5%**.
- The specification’s initial base fee works out to **1 gwei**.
- The motivation section of the EIP-1559 specification states that bids to include transactions on mature public blockchains that have enough usage so that blocks are full tend to be extremely volatile.

| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| BASE\_FEE\_MAX\_CHANGE\_DENOMINATOR | 8 |
| ELASTICITY\_MULTIPLIER | 2 |
| INITIAL\_BASE\_FEE (wei) | 1000000000 |
| Maximum base fee change per block | 12.5% |

*Source: EIP-1559 specification 2019, ethereum.org 2026*

### How much can Ethereum gas fees change in one block?

On Ethereum, the base fee can increase or decrease by a maximum of 12.5% per block, rising when the previous block was above its target size and falling when it was below. A wallet can therefore tell a user with certainty that the maximum base fee for the next block is the current base fee times 112.5%.

## Blob Fee Volatility on Ethereum

- Under Pectra’s blob parameters, full blobs raise the blob base fee by about **8.2%** per block, and no blobs lower it by about **14.5%**, the price rollups face in the [Layer 2 gas fee market](https://coinlaw.io/gas-fee-markets-on-layer-2-statistics/).
- It takes two blocks with full blobs in a row to make up for a single block with no blobs.
- Without a blob reserve price, a **10%** change in the blob base fee could shift the total cost of utilizing blobspace by just **0.0000001%** when execution costs dominated.
- Whenever demand picked up, over an hour of near-full blocks was required to restore a market-clearing equilibrium fee.
- In the September 27, 2026 capture, Blobscan showed a blob gas price of **58,286,787 wei** against an average blob gas price of **1.907 gwei**, about **3.1%** of that average.
- Blobscan counts **22,472,826** total blobs and **5,005.877 ether** in total blob fees.

| Blob fee parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| MIN\_BASE\_FEE\_PER\_BLOB\_GAS (EIP-4844) | 1 |
| BLOB\_BASE\_FEE\_UPDATE\_FRACTION (EIP-4844) | 3338477 |
| BLOB\_BASE\_FEE\_UPDATE\_FRACTION\_PRAGUE (EIP-7691) | 5007716 |
| TARGET\_BLOBS\_PER\_BLOCK\_ELECTRA (EIP-7691) | 6 |
| MAX\_BLOBS\_PER\_BLOCK\_ELECTRA (EIP-7691) | 9 |
| BLOB\_BASE\_COST (EIP-7918) | 2\*\*13 |

*Source: EIP-4844, EIP-7691 and EIP-7918 specifications, 2024 to 2025*

## Bitcoin Transaction Fee Volatility

- Bitcoin’s average transaction fee was **$1.104** one year before September 26, 2026, and the latest level is **73.61%** lower.
- The average fee was **$0.1737** on August 16 and **$0.2156** on August 15, 2026.
- Bitcoin’s average fee on September 25 was about **2.6x** the September 20 level.
- Average Bitcoin transaction fees reached nearly **$60** during the 2017 crypto boom, according to YCharts’ series notes, and cross-network fee peaks are compared in the [highest crypto transaction fees](https://coinlaw.io/highest-crypto-transaction-fees/) rankings.
- The metric measures the average fee in USD when a Bitcoin transaction is processed by a miner and confirmed.

 BITCOIN AVERAGE TRANSACTION FEE ($) · Source: YCharts, September 2026    BITCOIN AVERAGE TRANSACTION FEE ($) · COINLAW ANALYSIS Bitcoin average transaction fee ($) by date    YCharts · 2026           0.6 0.48 0.36 0.24 0.12 0    September 19, 2026: September 19, 2026 September 20, 2026: September 20, 2026 September 21, 2026: September 21, 2026 September 22, 2026: September 22, 2026 September 23, 2026: September 23, 2026 September 24, 2026: September 24, 2026 September 25, 2026: September 25, 2026 September 26, 2026: September 26, 2026   Sep 19, 2026 Sep 20, 2026 Sep 21, 2026 Sep 22, 2026 Sep 23, 2026 Sep 24, 2026 Sep 25, 2026 Sep 26, 2026    SOURCE YCharts, September 2026      

## Bitcoin Daily Fee Revenue

- Bitcoin total transaction fees per day were **$462,875.8** a year earlier, and the September 26, 2026 total was **52.31%** lower.
- The daily total was **$144,343.8** on August 16 and **$155,142.2** on August 15, 2026.
- The totals do not include the value of Coinbase block rewards, so the new-coin subsidy sits outside these figures.

 TOTAL TRANSACTION FEES ($) · Source: Blockchain.com via YCharts, September 2026    TOTAL TRANSACTION FEES ($) · COINLAW ANALYSIS Total transaction fees ($) by date    Blockchain.com · 2026          400K 300K 200K 100K 0   214,782.8 September 19, 2026  182,152.2 September 20, 2026  314,900.8 September 21, 2026  289,948.0 September 22, 2026  248,487.1 September 23, 2026  318,455.6 September 24, 2026  345,536.5 September 25, 2026  220,749.1 September 26, 2026    SOURCE Blockchain.com via YCharts, September 2026      ## The Bitcoin Halving Block Fee Spike

- Block 840,000 recorded a median fee of about **200 sat/vB** and a fee span of **108** to **3,604,819 sat/vB**.
- The block before it, 839,999, had a median fee of **90 sat/vB**.
- The block subsidy fell to **3.125 BTC** in the halving block, from **6.25 BTC** one block earlier; the supply schedule is covered in the [Bitcoin statistics](https://coinlaw.io/bitcoin-statistics/) data.
- Fees made up about **92%** of what the miner earned from that block.
- On September 27, 2026, mempool.space’s fee estimator returned a fastestFee of **1**, an hourFee of **1**, and an economyFee of **1** sat/vB.

 TOTAL FEES (SATS) · Source: mempool.space 2024 and 2026    TOTAL FEES (SATS) · COINLAW ANALYSIS Total fees (sats) by block     mempool.space · 2024          4B 3B 2B 1B 0   104,455,386 Block 839,999  3,762,561,499 Block 840,000 (halving)  898,631 Block 968,882    SOURCE mempool.space 2024 and 2026      > **By the numbers:** According to mempool.space data, the halving block paid about 4,187 times the fees of a block mined on September 27, 2026, which carried 898,631 sats across 1,228 transactions. Against Ethereum’s capped base fee, the contrast is stark: Bitcoin’s jump arrived in a single block.

## Day-Over-Day Fee Swings on Ethereum and Bitcoin

- Ethereum’s gas price fell from **1.143 gwei** on September 25 to **0.7302 gwei** on September 26, 2026.
- Bitcoin’s average fee dropped from **$0.5771** on September 25 to **$0.2915** on September 26, 2026.
- Bitcoin’s total daily fees fell from **$345,536.5** on September 25 to **$220,749.1** on September 26, 2026.
- Ethereum’s average dollar fee moved from **$0.2687** to **$0.2691** across the same two days.

| Metric | Change from previous day (%) |
|---|---|
| Ethereum average gas price | -36.12 |
| Ethereum average transaction fee | 0.15 |
| Bitcoin average transaction fee | -49.49 |
| Bitcoin total transaction fees per day | -36.11 |

*Source: Etherscan and Blockchain.com via YCharts, September 2026*

### Year-Over-Year Change in Fee Metrics

- Bitcoin’s average fee fell about **1.5x** as far as Ethereum’s gas price over the past year, in percentage terms.
- The average Ethereum transaction cost about **$0.12** less than a year earlier.

| Metric | September 26, 2026 | One year earlier | Change (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethereum average gas price (gwei) | 0.7302 | 1.416 | -48.43 |
| Ethereum average transaction fee ($) | 0.2691 | 0.3863 | -30.34 |
| Bitcoin average transaction fee ($) | 0.2915 | 1.104 | -73.61 |
| Bitcoin total transaction fees per day ($) | 220,749.1 | 462,875.8 | -52.31 |

*Source: Etherscan and Blockchain.com via YCharts, September 2026*

### Are Bitcoin fees more volatile than Ethereum fees?

In dollar terms over the latest day, yes. Bitcoin’s average transaction fee fell 49.49% from September 25 to September 26, 2026, while Ethereum’s average dollar fee rose 0.15%. Measured in gwei, Ethereum’s gas price fell 36.12% over the same day, so the size of the gap depends on the unit being tracked.

## What Research Says About EIP-1559 and Fee Volatility

- A causal study presented at ACM CCS 2022 drew on data from the Ethereum blockchain, the mempool, and exchanges.
- The same study found that when Ether’s price is more volatile, the waiting time is significantly higher.
- A study presented at IEEE Blockchain-2021 found short-term behavior marked by intense, chaotic oscillations in block sizes and slow adjustments during periods of demand bursts, such as NFT drops, the kind of mint rush tracked in [NFT market growth data](https://coinlaw.io/nft-market-growth-statistics/).
- Those authors proposed an AIMD base fee rule and reported that it robustly outperforms the EIP-1559 protocol under various demand scenarios in simulations.
- The 2026 elasticity study estimated a pooled Ethereum mainnet elasticity of **-0.006** for the full year 2025.
- A 2023 study found that network activity, such as the sizes of blocks or the number of transactions and contracts, can show a heterogeneous relationship with gas prices across periods of low and high gas price changes.

| Study | Venue | Data | Finding on volatility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Empirical Analysis of EIP-1559 | ACM CCS 2022 | Ethereum blockchain, mempool and exchange data | Mitigates intrablock gas price differences; small effect on fee levels |
| Transaction Fees on a Honeymoon | IEEE Blockchain-2021 | On-chain data after launch | Chaotic block-size oscillations; slow adjustment in demand bursts |
| Network Activity and Ethereum Gas Prices | MDPI 2023 | Ethereum network activity variables | Heterogeneous links across low and high gas price changes |
| Price Elasticity of Gas Demand on L1 and L2 | arXiv 2026 | Ethereum 2025; Arbitrum One October 2025 to April 2026 | Near-inelastic demand; Ethereum elasticity of -0.006 |

*Source: ACM CCS 2022, IEEE Blockchain-2021, MDPI 2023, arXiv 2026*

> **Key finding:** EIP-1559 improves the user experience by mitigating intrablock differences in the gas price paid and reducing users’ waiting times, but has only a small effect on gas fee levels, according to the ACM CCS 2022 study. The mechanism made fees easier to predict block to block, while demand shocks still pass straight through to price.

## How Sensitive Gas Demand Is to Fee Changes

- The 2026 study instrumented each wallet’s own lagged base fee to remove the congestion-driven endogeneity that causes naive regressions to underestimate demand sensitivity.
- Behavioral clustering found high-volume operators substantially more responsive, with cluster-level elasticities up to roughly **6x** the pooled estimate.
- Always-on protocol wallets were near-inelastic, with related figures in the [Layer 2 network adoption data](https://coinlaw.io/layer-2-networks-adoption-statistics/).
- On Ethereum mainnet over the full year 2025, a **10%** fee increase reduced total gas demand by approximately **0.06%**.
- On Ethereum, the base fee can rise by a maximum of **12.5%** per block when the previous block was above its target size.
- Arbitrum One’s pooled elasticity is **6x** Ethereum mainnet’s in absolute terms.

| Demand segment | Price elasticity |
|---|---|
| Ethereum mainnet, pooled | -0.006 |
| Arbitrum One, pooled | -0.036 |
| Arbitrum One computation | -0.027 |
| Arbitrum One calldata | -0.06 |
| Arbitrum One storage growth | -0.15 |
| Arbitrum One refunds | -0.27 |

*Source: Price Elasticity of Gas Demand on L1 and L2, arXiv, August 2026*

### Why do gas fees spike?

Gas demand is near-inelastic: on Ethereum mainnet over the full year 2025, a 10% fee increase reduced total gas demand by approximately 0.06%. When blocks fill, users barely pull back, so the fee mechanism clears the queue through price. On Ethereum, that price can increase by a maximum of 12.5% per block.

## Fee Mechanisms Across Ethereum, Bitcoin and Solana

- Solana charges a base fee of **5,000 lamports** per signature, split **50%** burned and **50%** to the validator, one of the design gaps covered in the [Solana vs Ethereum statistics](https://coinlaw.io/solana-vs-ethereum-statistics/).
- Solana’s optional prioritization fee goes **100%** to the validator and increases the likelihood that the current leader schedules a transaction ahead of competing ones.
- A Solana transaction can use a maximum of **1,400,000** compute units.
- The EIP-1559 authors argued: It’s absurd to suggest that the cost incurred by the network from accepting one more transaction into a block actually is 10x more when the cost per gas is 10 nanoeth compared to when the cost per gas is 1 nanoeth.

| Network | Fee model | Volatility control or observed range |
|---|---|---|
| Ethereum | Burned base fee | Base fee moves at most 12.5% per block |
| Ethereum blobs | Separate blob base fee | About 8.2% up per full-blob block; about 14.5% down per block with no blobs |
| Bitcoin | Per-transaction fee rates in sat/vB | Block 840,000 fee span of 108 to 3,604,819 sat/vB |
| Solana | 5,000 lamports per signature plus optional prioritization fee | Prioritization fee is compute unit price times compute unit limit |

*Source: ethereum.org 2026, EIP-7691, mempool.space 2024, Solana documentation 2026*

## Ethereum Capacity Upgrades and Fee Volatility

- On Ethereum, the community steadily raised the mainnet gas limit from an initial **30 million** to **60 million**, the first significant increase since **2021**, a shift traced in the [history of Ethereum gas fees](https://coinlaw.io/ethereum-gas-fee-history/).
- The Ethereum Foundation’s 2026 protocol plan focuses on continuing to raise the gas limit toward and beyond **100 million**.
- Glamsterdam enables a **200 million** gas limit floor, and developers are testing at a **150 million** reference block gas limit.
- Validators now sample blob data, enabling an **8x** increase in theoretical blob capacity.
- Gas prices for state operations were last adjusted in the Berlin fork in **2021**.

 5 EVENTS · Source: ethereum.org, May and September 2026    5 EVENTS · COINLAW TIMELINE Key events, 2024 to 2026     ethereum.org · 2026    March 2024 Dencun introduces EIP-4844 blobs with a separate fee market   May 7, 2025 Pectra raises blob throughput to 6 target and 9 max blobs   December 3, 2025 Fusaka activates PeerDAS blob sampling   October 6, 2026 Glamsterdam Sepolia fork scheduled   Q4 2026 Glamsterdam expected on mainnet  SOURCE ethereum.org, May and September 2026      ## Conclusion

Ethereum’s daily average gas price fell **36.12%** in a single day to **0.7302 gwei**, while the average dollar fee rose **0.15%**. That split defines gas fee volatility now: the protocol’s price signal still swings hard, but rollups and spare blockspace keep a typical user’s bill steady. Bitcoin shows the opposite exposure, with fees that can multiply within one block when demand arrives.

Glamsterdam’s next milestone is the Sepolia fork, and the upgrade enables a **200 million** gas limit floor. More capacity should keep dollar costs low, but the base fee will still move by up to an eighth per block whenever demand outruns supply, and those are the swings the [current Ethereum gas fee](https://coinlaw.io/ethereum-gas-fees-statistics/) data will keep recording.

Definition of Blockchain. Link to full glossary entry follows the description.**Blockchain**A distributed digital ledger that records transactions across a network, with each block cryptographically linked to the previous one for security.

[Read more about Blockchain](https://coinlaw.io/glossary/blockchain/)

Definition of Layer 1. Link to full glossary entry follows the description.**Layer 1**A Layer 1 is the base [blockchain](https://coinlaw.io/glossary/blockchain/) layer that settles its own transactions, enforces its own consensus, and secures its own ledger. Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana.

[Read more about Layer 1](https://coinlaw.io/glossary/layer-1/)

Definition of NFT. Link to full glossary entry follows the description.**NFT**A non-fungible token is a unique [blockchain](https://coinlaw.io/glossary/blockchain/)-based asset that verifies ownership of digital or physical items such as art, collectibles, or real-world assets.

[Read more about NFT](https://coinlaw.io/glossary/nft/)

Definition of Layer 2. Link to full glossary entry follows the description.**Layer 2**A Layer 2 is a secondary [blockchain](https://coinlaw.io/glossary/blockchain/) built on top of Ethereum that bundles transactions off-chain and posts compressed data back to the main chain, cutting fees and raising throughput.

[Read more about Layer 2](https://coinlaw.io/glossary/layer-2/)

Definition of Gas Fee. Link to full glossary entry follows the description.**Gas Fee**A gas fee is the transaction cost paid to Ethereum validators for the computational effort needed to process and confirm [blockchain](https://coinlaw.io/glossary/blockchain/) operations.

[Read more about Gas Fee](https://coinlaw.io/glossary/gas-fee/)